Table of Contents
- 1 What is the mechanism of action of sodium thiosulfate?
- 2 Which antidote used in cyanide poisoning is?
- 3 What does sodium thiosulfate do in a reaction?
- 4 How does hydroxocobalamin work in cyanide poisoning?
- 5 Is sodium thiosulfate antidote?
- 6 How does cyanide cause cellular hypoxia?
- 7 What is the antidote for cyanide poisoning?
- 8 What are the uses of sodium thiosulfate?
What is the mechanism of action of sodium thiosulfate?
It is given by injection into a vein. In this use, sodium nitrite creates methemoglobinemia which removes cyanide from mitochondria. Sodium thiosulfate then serves as a sulfur donor for the conversion of cyanide to the nontoxic thiocyanate, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanase.
How sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate can treat poisoning caused by cyanide?
Sodium nitrite induces methemoglobin in red blood cells, which combines with cyanide, thus releasing cytochrome oxidase enzyme. Sodium thiosulfate donates a sulfur atom necessary for the transformation of cyanide to thiocyanate by rhodanese, thus increasing the activity of the endogenous detoxification system.
Which antidote used in cyanide poisoning is?
Antidotes to cyanide include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate. Sodium thiosulfate may be given in combination with sodium nitrite or hydroxocobalamin, or may be given alone. These agents are administered intravenously.
What is the mode of action in cyanide poisoning?
4.5 Mode of action As a respiratory poison, hydrogen cyanide or cyanide ion has high acute toxicity due to its primary toxic effect of inhibiting cytochrome oxidase (by binding with haem iron), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (Isom & Way, 1974).
What does sodium thiosulfate do in a reaction?
The Reaction When sodium thiosulphate is added to a solution of hydrochloric acid, an insoluble precipitate of sulphur (S) is formed. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and water (H2O) are also formed, but it is the solid sulphur that has the biggest impact here.
How is sodium thiosulfate excreted?
Approximately 20-50\% of exogenously administered thiosulfate is eliminated unchanged via the kidneys. After an intravenous injection of 1 g sodium thiosulfate in patients, the reported serum thiosulfate half-life was approximately 20 minutes.
How does hydroxocobalamin work in cyanide poisoning?
Hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12a) has a central cobalt atom that binds cyanide ions, forming cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), which is nontoxic and renally excreted. Hydroxocobalamin can rapidly enter the mitochondria and bind cyanide at the site where it is toxic, thus restoring oxidative metabolism.
How do nitrates help cyanide poisoning?
The rationale for use of the cyanide antidote kit is that the nitrites produce methemoglobin (ferric hemoglobin) to which the cyanide combines to form cyanmethemoglobin, releasing the cyanide from the cytochrome.
Is sodium thiosulfate antidote?
The combination of sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrite has been used in the United States since the 1930s as the primary antidote for cyanide intoxication.
How does cyanide affect cellular respiration?
The toxicity of cyanide is linked mainly to the cessation of aerobic cell metabolism. Cyanide reversibly binds to the ferric ions cytochrome oxidase three within the mitochondria. This effectively halts cellular respiration by blocking the reduction of oxygen to water.
How does cyanide cause cellular hypoxia?
Cyanide causes intracellular hypoxia by reversibly binding to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase a(3). Signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning usually occur less than 1 minute after inhalation and within a few minutes after ingestion.
What are the side effects of cyanide poisoning?
seizure
What is the antidote for cyanide poisoning?
Cyanide poisoning cannot be treated at home. Immediate medical attention is always required. Cyanide poisoning can be treatable when it is done promptly. Clothing that may contain traces of cyanide will be removed, and a Cyanide Antidote Kit (CAK) or hydroxocobalamin ( Cyanokit) may be used.
How to administer sodium thiosulfate?
Sodium Nitrite Injection and Sodium Thiosulfate Injection are administered by slow intravenous injection. They should be given as early as possible after a diagnosis of acute life-threatening cyanide poisoning has been established. Sodium nitrite should be administered first, followed immediately by sodium thiosulfate.
What are the uses of sodium thiosulfate?
Uses for sodium thiosulfate. Sodium thiosulfate may be used to lessen some of the side effects of cisplatin (a cancer medicine).