Table of Contents
What is it called when proteins are damaged?
One type of problem, called “loss of function,” results when not enough of a particular protein folds properly, causing a shortage of “specialized workers” needed to do a specific job. For example, imagine that a properly folded protein is perfectly shaped to bind a toxin and break it into less toxic byproducts.
What happens if a protein is damaged or missing?
Cellular proteins are exposed to oxidative modification and other forms of damage through oxidative stress, disease and as a consequence of aging. This oxidative damage results in loss and or modification of protein function, which in turn compromises cell function and may even cause cell death.
Are protein aggregates insoluble?
Protein aggregation is the abnormal association of proteins into larger aggregate structures which tend to be insoluble. This occurs during normal physiological conditions and in response to age or stress-induced protein misfolding and denaturation.
How do protein aggregates form?
Protein aggregation can be caused by problems that occur during transcription or translation. If problems arise during either step, making an incorrect mRNA strand and/or an incorrect amino acid sequence, this can cause the protein to misfold, leading to protein aggregation.
When the proteins are denatured the insoluble aggregates are formed known as?
Structures called aggresomes form when misfolded or unsuccessfully refolded proteins pack into larger, insoluble aggregates. In aggrephagy, aggresomes are labeled with ubiquitin and associate with ubiquitin-binding microtubule-associated histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) (Kawaguchi et al., 2003).
When do protein aggregates form?
There are several reports that protein aggregation can occur during lyophilization of proteins or during their subsequent rehydration, depending on the conditions (e.g. the water content of the system is critical [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22]).
What is ubiquitination of proteins MCAT?
Ubiquitination: The addition of a ubiquitin protein to another protein. Phosphorylation: The addition of a phosphoryl group to a protein.