Table of Contents
- 1 How does insulin regulate gene expression?
- 2 How does insulin regulate metabolism?
- 3 What genes does insulin regulate?
- 4 Does insulin alter gene expression?
- 5 What do insulin and glucagon regulate?
- 6 How does insulin and glucagon regulate glycolysis?
- 7 How does insulin regulate FoxO1?
- 8 What is the role of insulin in enzyme regulation?
- 9 What is the function of insulin and glucagon?
- 10 What hormones regulate blood glucose?
How does insulin regulate gene expression?
For a subset of genes, insulin exerts a negative effect on transcription; for others, the effect is positive. Insulin controls gene transcription by modifying the binding of transcription factors on insulin-response elements or by regulating their transcriptional activities.
How does insulin regulate metabolism?
In the liver, insulin affects glycogen metabolism by stimulation of glycogen synthesis. Protein phosphatase I (PPI) is the key molecule in the regulation of glycogen metabolism. Via dephosphorylation, PPI slows the rate of glycogenolysis by inactivating phosphorylase kinase and phosphorylase A.
What enzymes does insulin regulate?
Coincidently, insulin acts to inhibit the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase. Insulin also activates several of the enzymes that are directly involved in glycogen synthesis, including phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthase.
What genes does insulin regulate?
The INS gene provides instructions for producing the hormone insulin, which is necessary for the control of glucose levels in the blood. Glucose is a simple sugar and the primary energy source for most cells in the body.
Does insulin alter gene expression?
Glucocorticoids and cAMP stimulate gene transcription, while insulin represses both basal and induced gene expression. However, in contrast to PEPCK, glucose induces G6Pase gene transcription, but this is also antagonised by insulin.
Does insulin increase glucose uptake?
The effect of insulin to acutely stimulate glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue is essential for normal glucose homeostasis. The GLUT4 glucose transporter is a major mediator of this action, and insulin recruits GLUT4 from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane.
What do insulin and glucagon regulate?
Glucagon works along with the hormone insulin to control blood sugar levels and keep them within set levels. Glucagon is released to stop blood sugar levels dropping too low (hypoglycaemia), while insulin is released to stop blood sugar levels rising too high (hyperglycaemia).
How does insulin and glucagon regulate glycolysis?
Mechanism of insulin and glucagon on carbohydrate metabolism occurs as glucose concentration is high, such as after eating, insulin secreted by β cells into the blood stream to promote glycolysis to lower glucose levels by increasing removal of glucose from blood stream to most body cells.
What activates insulin gene expression?
High blood glucose levels stimulate insulin gene expression in the β-cells of the pancreas. Although several transcription factors have been implicated in glucose-induced transcription of the insulin gene, the exact molecular mechanisms leading to up-regulation of insulin gene expression are unknown.
How does insulin regulate FoxO1?
Insulin also inactivates FoxO1, which positively regulates PGC1α expression at the transcriptional level by binding to three insulin response elements (IREs) in its promoter (Daitoku et al., 2003).
What is the role of insulin in enzyme regulation?
A major role for insulin in this regulation has been clearly established. There are still many complex areas such as substrate channeling, substrate pooling, enzyme compartmentalization, and enzyme complex formation that are not well understood and where the role of insulin remains to be defined.
How is insulin involved in the pathway of gluconeogenesis?
The insulin pathway. Insulin directly controls the activities of a set of metabolic enzymes by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events and also regulates the expression of genes encoding hepatic enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis.
What is the function of insulin and glucagon?
Both insulin and glucagon are important in the regulation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism: Insulin is an anabolic hormone, that is, it increases the storage of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids in cells and tissues.
What hormones regulate blood glucose?
Blood glucose levels are regulated by several hormones ~ Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine, Cortisol, and Growth hormone. Insulin promotes Glycogen synthesis, fat storage in the form of Triglycerides, and cellular uptake of blood glucose.